I have a confession to make: Even though I’ve been painting for over a year now, last week if I’d been asked to name the primary colors I’d have needed to puzzle it out. See, when I started watercolors I did the very thing most experts recommend beginners NOT do: I bought a large set of 48 colors. I followed my greedy goblin nature that wanted ALL THE COLORS, and while this has allowed me to create some great projects, it also allowed me to avoid learning the basics of color theory, especially since I didn’t have to mix my own colors.
A few weeks ago I shared some geometric drawings, and for one of these I’d intended to paint over it and share the results. But I got immediately stuck on coming up with a color palette. Really basic questions arose: what colors work well together? How do you know quickly if colors are likely to clash or compliment? I realized I’d stumbled upon a gaping hole in my artistic knowledge.
For information to stick I have to apply it, which is why I wasn’t able to recall the primary colors last week: I’d never spent time exercising this information, just heard it and tucked it away in a mind-drawer somewhere. So this time, I read some pages covering color theory from Gordan MacKenzie’s The Complete Watercolorist’s Essential Notebook and then quickly applied this information using my own set of watercolors.
To begin, I completed a task I’d long intended to do, but never made the time for: A color chart! I painted a sample of all 48 of my Sennelier watercolor pans:

I noted whether each color was listed as transparent, semi-opaque, or opaque before realizing I don’t fully understand what these terms mean, I just know artists say they’re really important and they affect layering of colors (a blog for another day). I also wanted to note whether each color is warm or cool, but quickly discovered I had no idea how to tell. So, I went back to the book for help.
In MacKenzie’s book, he quickly breaks color down:
- Color Hues: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet.
- Primaries into Secondaries: The primary colors (yellow, red, blue) mix to make the secondary colors (orange, violet, green)
- Purity: the more you add a complementary color to a color (for example green to red) the less vivid the color will be.
- Temperature: the way we perceive colors as either “warm” or “cool,” which is really relative to what other color we’re comparing it to.
I spent the most time this week trying to wrap my head around color temperature. It’s easy when you think of it in the most simple terms: red, orange, and yellow are warm colors, while green, blue, and purple are cool. But a green can be a warm green and a yellow can be a cool yellow. This was tricky for me! The Sennelier set I have doesn’t come with any information on whether the colors are regarded as warm or cool, so I had to take some guesses and some I’m still not able to tell. I took my best guess as to which colors I had in my set were the best example of warm and cool primary colors and made the below color wheels:

When I blended a warm yellow with a warm red I got a very intense orange. A cool yellow and a cool red gave a muddier orange. However, when I mixed a warm blue and a warm yellow I got a muddier green, while a cool blue and a cool yellow gave me a much brighter green. So, I learned that if you’re trying to mix a cool color and you want it to be very bright you should use both cool primary colors to achieve the best results. For orange you’d want to use warm primary colors if you hope to attain brilliance. I could also make a basic red warmer by adding a bit of yellow or cooler just by adding a bit of blue.

These exercises were key, and I feel more confident now in tackling a color scheme. I still haven’t decided on one for my geometric drawing, but will share the results when I finally do! I also got some new paints from a small shop called Wildthorne recently, and made these quick little color swatches to try to get a feel for the colors:

There is still so much more to learn about color in the watercolor medium, but I feel like I’m standing on firmer ground. And at least I know my primary colors now!